从博弈论看当下教培行业的价格战
<div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center"></div><div align="center"><br></div></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">这半年,市场人的社群里讨论频次最高的关键词之一就是“低价课”。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><span style="font-family: FangSong_GB2312, FangSong, STFangsong;"><font size="3">“呀!我们这里的新东方今年开始搞低价课了,我们该怎么办?搞还是不搞?”</font></span></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">这种自2015年开始全面爆发的低价课,其实就是价格战。只不过,无论是20世纪90年代的彩电大战,还是2012年开始的家电大战,作为消费者你一直是受益者。而这次,作为价格战的参与或被参与者,我们更多的是受损者。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">价格战历来是商业经济竞争中商家<span style="font-weight: bold;">用于争夺市场份额</span>的竞争手段。既然它已经入侵我们行业,并让这么多人“牵挂”,今天我就再一次跟大家聊聊教培行业的价格战,只不过,上次偏“术”这次重“道”。(在市场人微信号scr20130807回复“5元课”即可获取上次在教育联盟的专题分享课件)</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">本质而言就是囚徒博弈。说到这儿,你一定会联想到那个著名的囚徒困境案例中警察与囚犯博弈的场景(忘记具体情节的可以百度自行脑补)。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">下面我们来看看我们当下所处的情境和那个囚徒困境是多么地相似:</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 28px; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><span style="font-family: FangSong_GB2312, FangSong, STFangsong; font-weight: bold;">甲、乙两家培训机构</span><span style="font-family: FangSong_GB2312, FangSong, STFangsong;">:暑期将至,正是教育培训机构的招生旺季,甲机构决定采取降价手段促销,而面对甲机构的降价手段,乙构该采取如何措施呢?一般想的是乙机构一定会采取相应的降价策略应对甲机构的降价,为了争夺市场有限的资源,甲乙两家机构不得不同时采取降价策略来争取相同数量的用户。</span></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 28px; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 28px; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><span style="font-family: FangSong_GB2312, FangSong, STFangsong; font-weight: bold;">我们作出以下分析</span><span style="font-family: FangSong_GB2312, FangSong, STFangsong;">:假设降价之前,甲乙两家机构的利益均等,都是(10,10),若甲机构降价而乙机构不降价,则势必会有大部分用户选择甲机构,这时虽然甲机构单位利润降低,但总体利益上升,此时甲机构利益变为14,乙机构利益降低为6,他们之间的关系变成了(14,6);而若乙机构降价而甲机构不降价,则利益关系相反变成(6,14);可是如果甲乙机构都选择降价,那此时对于的市场不变,甲乙机构的总体利益都会降低,变成(8,8)。</span></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">如果你感觉看起来不是那么清晰和明朗的话,我们来用一个表格表述上述情景。见场景1。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">场景1:</font></div><div style="width: 100%; overflow: auto; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'PingFang SC', Helvetica, Tahoma, Arial, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="table-layout: fixed; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); width: 344px;"><colgroup><col style="width: 61px;"><col style="width: 62px;"><col style="width: 54px;"><col style="width: 49px;"><col style="width: 59px;"><col style="width: 59px;"></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 40px;"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><font size="3">价格战策略</font></td><td colspan="4" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; color: rgb(82, 140, 216);"><font size="3">新东方</font></td></tr><tr style="height: 40px;"><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><font size="3">降价</font></td><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><font size="3">不降价</font></td></tr><tr style="height: 40px;"><td rowspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><font size="3">好未来</font></td><td style="text-align: center;"><font size="3">降价</font></td><td style="text-align: center;"><font size="3">8</font></td><td style="text-align: center; color: rgb(82, 140, 216);"><font size="3">8</font></td><td style="text-align: center;"><font size="3">14</font></td><td style="text-align: center; color: rgb(82, 140, 216);"><font size="3">6</font></td></tr><tr style="height: 40px;"><td style="text-align: center;"><font size="3">不降价</font></td><td style="text-align: center;"><font size="3">6</font></td><td style="text-align: center; color: rgb(82, 140, 216);"><font size="3">14</font></td><td style="text-align: center;"><font size="3">10</font></td><td style="text-align: center; color: rgb(82, 140, 216);"><font size="3">10</font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">如果我再简化一下上面的情境,用下面一个选择题来表述,看场景2,告诉我你会选哪个?</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">场景2:</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 28px; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">A、你有10块钱,可能损失4块钱。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 28px; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">B、你有10块钱,可能损失2块钱或者额外得到4块钱。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">我相信你和大多数人一样会选择B。那么我们再来替新东方和好未来做个选择就容易多了吧。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 28px; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><span style="color: rgb(82, 140, 216); font-weight: bold;">新东方</span>:利益10,不降价,可能损失4。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 28px; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><span style="font-weight: bold;">好未来</span>:利益10,降价,可能损失2或者额外得到4。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">所以,当新东方和好未来面临同样的情境时,根据纳什均衡和囚徒困境理论,答案就不言而喻了。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">通过对价格大战的分析很容易得知,寡头们都不降价,收益最大。但如果一家悄悄降价,就会抢占巨大利益。所以,降价是寡头们的最优策略,导致利润微薄的“坏的平衡”。因此,你现在很容易理解新东方施行低价暑期课抢先享受两年红利之后各大机构纷纷跟进的必要性了。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">当然,虽然本质是这样的逻辑,但毕竟这只是一个同质化产品竞争的偏理想化的假设,我们并没有考虑包括产品差异化因素、第三方机构或众多中小机构加入角逐时的复杂因素对博弈均衡造成的影响。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">比如,如果你的机构已经过了跑马圈地阶段,转而进入收割重点提升利润阶段,那么选择降价就不是参与者的最优策略。这时候你是不是依然会采取宁可牺牲利润也要保持市场占有率的策略呢?</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">我相信很多亲历并尝到过2010-2012教培行业各大机构全国各地拼命跑马圈地之后的恶果的同仁们,一定不会忘记这其中我们需要反思和学习提升的东西。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">今年开始,我近乎停更了微信朋友圈,近俩月连查看朋友圈的次数都趋向于零了。和很多同仁一样,我们必须学会并开始“深度学习+系统化思考”,我看是广泛涉猎,并同时进行项目式阅读,我发现更容易让我达到自己的学习目标。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3">这是我最近对教培行业的价格战所做的一个浅层次的剖析,主要是自己对学习以及实践做深入和系统化思考后的一个输出式的反向吸收,可能理解不一定全面正确,我只是希望这块砖抛出后可以激发更多的从业者去做深入系统化的学习和思考,真正用所学去理解和寻找教培行业现状背后的本质和逻辑,并学以致用。只有这样,我们才能形成对实践有真正指导意义的心理表征,这是促使我们真正强大的东西。</font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><span style="font-family: FangSong_GB2312, FangSong, STFangsong;"><font size="3">PS:</font></span></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><span style="font-family: FangSong_GB2312, FangSong, STFangsong;"><font size="3">1、推荐阅读关键词:囚徒困境、纳什均衡、顶牛博弈、智猪博弈。去进一步挖掘巨头或小机构应对价格战的有效策略。</font></span></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><span style="font-family: FangSong_GB2312, FangSong, STFangsong;">2、今年在圈里大家还会经常讨论的一个话题是,学而思被整顿,股价不降反涨,招生不减反增。负面新闻带来正面收益,你想过</span><span style="font-family: FangSong_GB2312, FangSong, STFangsong; font-weight: bold;">为什么负面评论会产生积极效果?</span><span style="font-family: FangSong_GB2312, FangSong, STFangsong;">这背后隐含着什么样的逻辑?欢迎您与作者一起交流探讨。</span></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="3"><br></font></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><span style="font-family: KaiTi_GB2312, KaiTi, STKaiti;"><font size="3">本文首发于“校长俱乐部”月刊总第156期。作者:常文平 市场人创始人,原杰睿教育执行董事兼市场总监,曾带领百人市场营销团队,创造年销售额1500万纯市场渠道增量业绩。微信号:changwenping001。</font></span></div><div yne-bulb-block="paragraph" style="white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.75;"><span style="font-family: KaiTi_GB2312, KaiTi, STKaiti;"><font size="3"><br></font></span></div><p></p>
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